Ekspor dan impor barang-barang terkait COVID-19: Data bulan Juli

Terakhir diperbaharui Jul 5, 2021 15 menit untuk membaca coronavirus COVID-19, r, perdagangan

Postingan ini adalah update ekspor dan impor barang-barang terkait COVID-19 di Indonesia. Saya sempat presentasi tentang kebijakan perdagangan Indonesia di awal COVID-19 di acara global seminar ANU Indonesia Project. Saya menggunakan data ekspor impor bulanan sampai bulan Maret dengan klasifikasi WHO/WCO revisi 2.

Kali ini, saya punya data sampai bulan Juli 2020, dan menggunakan klasifikasi WCO/WHO terbaru, yaitu revisi tiga. Ilustrasi menggunakan r.

Dinamika Ekspor nampak mirip dengan tahun lalu.

Mari kita lihat grafik impor.

# Loading and cleaning the data
library(tidyverse)
library(lubridate)

expor<-read.csv('Book1.csv') # read the data
a<-colnames(expor)           # add column names to a for easy rename
expor<-expor %>%             # rename variable names
  rename(hs=a[1],deskripsi=a[2],tujuan=a[3],periode=a[4],kg=a[5],usd=a[6])

# make periode into time series
expor$periode<-as.Date(paste0(as.character(expor$periode), '01'),format='%Y%m%d')

# Make aggregation to all countries
exporall<-expor %>% group_by(hs,periode) %>% summarise((expor=sum(usd)))
a<-colnames(exporall)
exporall<-exporall %>% rename(usd=a[3])

# Make aggregation on WCO goods classification
wco<-read.csv('wco.csv') # adding wco classification
wco<-wco %>% distinct(hshs, .keep_all = TRUE) # drop duplicates
wco$hshs<-as.character(wco$hshs) #make hshs a string so i can join them
exporall$hshs<-substr(as.character(exporall$hs),start=1,stop=6) # taking the first 6 digits
final<-inner_join(exporall,wco,by="hshs")
finall<-final %>% group_by(desc,periode) %>% summarise(expor=sum(usd))
a<-colnames(finall)
finall<-finall %>% rename(usd=a[3])
finall$usd6<-finall$usd/1000000

# plot
ggplot(finall,aes(x=periode,y=usd6, color=desc)) +
  geom_line(aes(linetype=desc),size=1.1) +
  scale_x_date(date_labels="%b-%y",date_breaks = "2 month")+
  # theme_ipsum() +
  # theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle=60, hjust=1)) +
  geom_vline(xintercept=as.Date('20200301',format='%Y%m%d')) +
  labs(x='tahun',y="Million USD",title="Indonesia's export of COVID-19 related goods",subtitle="BPS,Compiled by Pusdatin Kemenperin")

Selain Alat Pelindung Diri (APD), Indonesia menjual banyak perlengkapan kesehatan ke dunia. Penjualan APD di bulan Februari meningkat pesat berkat tingginya permintaan secara mendadak dari Cina dan Singapura, dua negara yang paling duluan mengalami pandemi ini. Di bulan Maret, Indonesia memberlakukan larangan export untuk APD, masker dan lain sebagainya, namun secara umum level ekspor APD tidak mengalami banyak perubahan.

Memang ekspor APD memiliki rantai pasoknya sendiri yang bisa berbahaya jika diinterupsi. Saya pernah mengatakan bahwa Indonesia punya potensi menjadi salah satu pemasok besar di pasar global APD. Sayangnya sepertinya ini tidak terjadi.

Ekspor Indonesia umumnya menurun di bulan Ramadhan. Kebijakan perdagangan Indonesia terkait COVID-19 banyak yang kedaluarsa di akhir bulan Juli 2020. Mungkin menarik melihat data setelah bulan Juli.

Impor testing kit sangat tinggi

Kali ini kita membicarakan impor.

Impor memiliki peran yang sangat penting di bidang kesehatan di Indonesia bahkan sebelum COVID-19. Memang Indonesia merupakan salah satu eksportir APD yang penting, tetapi impor APD pun tetap tinggi terutama karena ada APD seperti masker yang merupakan produk intensif kapital.

Kasus pertama di Indonesia terdeteksi di awal Maret. Impor tiba-tiba meroket setelah bulan Maret, utamanya APD dan testing kits. Trennya melemah di bulan Mei (apakah karena libur lebaran?) kecuali testing kits. Yang menarik, pada bulan Juli level impor sebagian besar barang-barang ini berkurang banyak. Menarik untuk dilihat apakah ini akibat peningkatan produksi domestik. Gara-gara rantai pasok global, kita perlu melihat data impor bahan baku dari barang-barang ini. Sayangnya saya tidak memahami pohon industri sektor kesehatan. Selain itu, angka produksi nasional juga sepertinya tidak mudah untuk dicari.

Perdagangan internasional telah terbukti berhasil mengangkat banyak negara dari kemiskinan, menumbuhkan ekonomi, dan meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat. Sayangnya sepertinya banyak negara (termasuk Indonesia) malah jadi anti terhadap perdagangan ketika pandemik, justru saat-saat di mana kita butuh-butuhnya meningkatkan supply barang-barang terkait COVID-19 ini. Mudah-mudahan ini bukan langkah yang salah.

Klasifikasi WHO/WCO

section	desc	hs	deskripsi
1	testing kit etc	38220010	Plates, sheets, film, foil & strip of plastics impregnated or coated with diagnostic reagents or laboratory
1	testing kit etc	38220020	Paperboard, cellulose wadding & web of cellulose fibres impregnated or coated with diagnostic reagents or laboratory
1	testing kit etc	38220030	Sterilisation indicator strips & tapes
1	testing kit etc	38220090	Diagnostic/laboratory reagents on a backing prepared diagnostic/laboratory reagents Oth than HS 3822.00.10 - 3822.00.30
1	testing kit etc	30021500	Oth blood fractions, whet/not modified/obtain by biotechnological process,put up in measured doses
1	testing kit etc	90278010	Oth instruments&apparatus,exposure meters
1	testing kit etc	90278030	Oth instruments&apparatus oth exposure meters,electricallyoperated
1	testing kit etc	90278040	Oth instruments&apparatus oth exposure meters,not electrically operated
1	testing kit etc	38210010	Prepared culture media for the development of microorganisms
1	testing kit etc	38210090	Other than prepared culture media for the development of microorganisms
2	PPE	48189000	Cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres, oth thn hs code 4818.10.00 - 4818.50.00
2	PPE	63079030	Umbrella covers in pre-cut triangular form
2	PPE	63079040	Surgical masks
2	PPE	63079061	Safety harnesses safety suitable for industrial use
2	PPE	63079069	Safety harnesses suitable not for industrial use
2	PPE	63079070	Fans and handscreens
2	PPE	63079080	Laces for shoes,boots,corsets & the like
2	PPE	63079090	Oth made up articls excl umbrella covers/surgical masks/safety harnesses/fans&handscreens/laces shoes,boots,corsets
2	PPE	90200000	Breathing appliances&gas masks,excl protective masks having neither mechanical part nor replaceable filters
2	PPE	90049010	Corrective spectacles
2	PPE	90049050	Protective goggles
2	PPE	90049090	Spectacles & the like excl corrective, protective googles
2	PPE	39269010	Floats for fishing nets
2	PPE	39269020	Fans and handscreens, frames and handles therefor, and parts thereof
2	PPE	39269032	Plastic moulds with denture imprints
2	PPE	39269039	Hygienic, medical and surgical articles oth plastic moulds with denture imprints
2	PPE	39269041	Police shields
2	PPE	39269042	Protective masks for use in welding and similar work
2	PPE	39269044	Life saving cushions for the protection of persons falling from heights
2	PPE	39269049	Other safety and protective devices
2	PPE	39269053	Transmission or conveyor belts or belting
2	PPE	39269055	Plastic J-hooks or bunch blocks for detonators
2	PPE	39269059	Other articles for industrial uses
2	PPE	39269060	Point of poultry feeders
2	PPE	39269070	Padding for articles of apparel or clothing accessories
2	PPE	39269081	Cards for shoe lasts
2	PPE	39269082	Cards for prayer beads
2	PPE	39269089	Cards for jewellery or other small objects of personal adornment
2	PPE	39269091	Point of a kind used for grain storage
2	PPE	39269092	Empty capsules of a kind suitable for pharmaceutical use
2	PPE	39269099	Other articles of plastics & other materials of headings 39.01 to 39.14. oth than 3926.10.00-3926.90.92
2	PPE	40151100	Gloves, mittens and mitts for surgical, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40151900	Gloves, mittens and mitts for not surgical, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	61161010	Divers’ gloves,knitted or crocheted, Impregnated,coated or covered with plastics or rubber
2	PPE	61161090	Other gloves, mittens and mitts, knitted or crocheted,impregnated, coated or covered with plastics or rubber
2	PPE	62160010	Protective work gloves, mittens and mitts
2	PPE	62160091	Other gloves, mittens and mitts,of wool or fine animal hair
2	PPE	62160092	Other gloves, mittens and mitts,of cotton
2	PPE	62160099	Other gloves, mittens and mitts,of oth textile material excwool or fine animal hair or cotton
2	PPE	65050010	Hats & oth headgear of a kind used for religious purposes,knitted/crocheted
2	PPE	65050020	Hair-nets of any materials
2	PPE	65050090	Oth hats&oth headgear,not for hair-nets/religious purposes,knitted/crochet
2	PPE	62114210	Garments for fencing or wrestling,of cotton,women’s/girl’s
2	PPE	62114220	Prayer cloaks, of cotton, women’s or girl’s
2	PPE	62114290	Other garments exc for fencing/wrestling/prayer cloaks, ofcotton, womenâ€™s or girl’s
2	PPE	40159010	Lead aprons, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40159020	Divers’ suits (wet suits), of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40159090	Articles apparel&clothing accessories,oth thn 40151100-40159020 for all purposes, vulcanised rubber oth thn hard rubber
2	PPE	48185000	Articles of apparel and clothing accessories
2	PPE	62101011	Garments used for protection from chemical substances, radiation or fire, of fabrics of heading 56.02 or 56.03
2	PPE	62101019	Other protective work garment (exc used for protection fromchemical substance,radiation/fire),of fabric head 5602/5603
2	PPE	62101090	Garments of fabrics of heading 56.02 or 56.03, other than protective work garments
2	PPE	62104010	Menâ€™s or boysâ€™ garments, used for protection from fire
2	PPE	62104020	Menâ€™s or boysâ€™ garments, used for protection from chemicalsubstances or radiation
2	PPE	62104090	Other menâ€™s or boysâ€™ protective work garments (exc used forprotection from fire/chemical subtances/radiation)
2	PPE	62105010	Women’s or girls’ garments, used for protection from fire
2	PPE	62105090	Other women’s or girls’ protective work garments (exc usedfor protection from fire/chemical subtances/radiation)
2	PPE	40169911	Parts&access kind used for vehicles of Chapter 87 for vehicles of head 8702,8703, 8704 or 8705,oth thn weatherstripping
2	PPE	40169912	Parts and accessories of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, of a kind used for vehicles of heading 87.11
2	PPE	40169913	Weatherstripping of vulcanised rubber oth thn hard rubber, of a kind used on motor vehicles of heading 8702,8703 or 8704
2	PPE	40169915	Parts&accessories of vulcanised rubber oth thn hard rubber,of a kind used for vehicles of head 8709, 8713, 8715 or 87.16
2	PPE	40169916	Bicycle mudguards of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169917	Bicycle parts of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169918	Other bicycle accessories of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169919	Parts&accessories of a kind used for vehicles of Chapter 87 of vulcanised rubber exc hard rubber oth thn 4016.99.11-20
2	PPE	40169920	Parts and accessories of rotochutes of heading 88.04 of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169930	Rubber bands, of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169940	Wall tiles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169951	Rubber rollers of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169952	Tyre mould bladders of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169953	Electrical insulator hoods of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169954	Rubber grommets and rubber covers for automotive wiring harnesses of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169959	Oth articles a kind used in machinery/mechanical/electric appliances,or for oth technical uses,oth thn 40169951-40169954
2	PPE	40169960	Rail pads of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169970	Structural bearings including bridge bearings of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169991	Table coverings of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber
2	PPE	40169999	Other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber, n.e.c in 4016
3	sterilization product	22071000	Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of 80 % vol or higher
3	sterilization product	22089010	Medicated samsu of an alcoholic strength by volume not exceeding 40 % vol
3	sterilization product	22089099	oth than samsu, arrack and bitters of an alcoholic strength by volume exceeding 114 % vol but not exceed 40 % vol
3	sterilization product	38089410	Disinfectants containing mixtures of coal tar acid & alkalis
3	sterilization product	38089420	Disinfectants other than those containing mixtures of coal tar acid & alkalis
3	sterilization product	38089490	Disinfectants other than HS 3808.94.10 - 3808.94.20
3	sterilization product	84192000	Medical, surgical or laboratory sterilisers
3	sterilization product	28470010	Hydrogen peroxide, whether or not solidified with urea. In liquid form
3	sterilization product	28470090	Hydrogen peroxide, whether or not solidified with urea. Oth than liquid form
3	sterilization product	30049010	Transdermal therapeutic system patches for the treatment of cancer or heart diseases
3	sterilization product	30049020	Closed sterile water for inhalation, pharmaceutical grade
3	sterilization product	30049030	Antiseptics
3	sterilization product	30049041	Anaesthetics,Containing procaine hydrochloride
3	sterilization product	30049049	Anaesthetics,Other than Containing procaine hydrochloride
3	sterilization product	30049051	Analgesics,antipyretic&oth med cont para cetamol/dipyrone,acetylsalicylic,taken o
3	sterilization product	30049052	Analges,antipyretic&ot.medicament for the treat.of coughs/colds,contain/not antihistamine,contain chlrpeniramine maleate
3	sterilization product	30049053	Analges,antipyretic&oth.medicament for the treat.of cough/cold,contain/not antihistamine,contain diclofenac,taken orally
3	sterilization product	30049054	Analgesic,antipyretic&oth medicament for treatment of cough/cold,contain/not antihistamine,contain piroxicam/ibuprofen
3	sterilization product	30049055	Analgesic,antipyretic&oth medicaments for the treatment of cough/cold,contain/not antihistamines,other,in liniment form
3	sterilization product	30049059	Analgesic,antipyretic&oth med cont acety lsalicylic acd,paractaml/dpyron,not oral
3	sterilization product	30049064	Antimalarials, Containing artemisinin other than of subheading 3004.60.10
3	sterilization product	30049065	Antimalarials, Not Containing primaquine & artemisinin other than of subheading 3004.60.10, Herbal medicaments
3	sterilization product	30049069	Antimalarials, Not Containing primaquine & artemisinin other than of subheading 3004.60.10, Herbal medicaments
3	sterilization product	30049071	Anthelmintic, Containing piperazine or mebendazole (INN)
3	sterilization product	30049072	Anthelmintic Not containing piperazine or mebendazole (INN) for Herbal medicaments
3	sterilization product	30049079	Anthelminti containing piperazine or mebendazole (INN) for Herbal medicaments
3	sterilization product	30049082	Other medicaments for the treatment of HIV/AIDS
3	sterilization product	30049089	Oth medicaments for other intractable diseases oth than HIV/AIDS
3	sterilization product	30049091	Other medicaments containing sodium chloride or glucose, for infusion
3	sterilization product	30049092	Other medicaments containing sorbitol or salbutamol, for infusion
3	sterilization product	30049093	Other medicaments containing sorbitol or salbutamol, in other forms
3	sterilization product	30049094	Other medicaments containing cimetidine (INN) or ranitidine (INN) other than for injection
3	sterilization product	30049096	Nasaldrop medicaments containing naphazoline, xylometazoline or oxymetazoline
3	sterilization product	30049098	Herbal medicaments
3	sterilization product	30049099	Other medicaments except HS 3004.10.15 to 3004.90.98
3	sterilization product	29051200	Propan-1-ol (propyl alcohol) & propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol)
3	sterilization product	29151100	Formic acid
3	sterilization product	29151200	Salts of formic acid
3	sterilization product	29182100	Salicylic acid & its salts
3	sterilization product	85394900	Ultra-violet/infra-red lamps
3	sterilization product	85395000	Light-emitting diode (LED) lamps
3	sterilization product	85437010	Electric fence energisers
3	sterilization product	85437020	Remote control apparatus,oth radio remote control apparatus
3	sterilization product	85437030	Electrical machines with translation/dictionary functions
3	sterilization product	85437040	Equipment/machine for removal dust particle&curingmaterial by UV light for mfg of printed circuit boards
3	sterilization product	85437090	Oth equipment/machine for removal dust particle&curingmaterial by UV light for mfg of printed circuit boards
4	Oxygen teraphy	90192000	Ozone therapy,oxygen therapy, aerosoltherapy, artificialrespiration/other therapeutic respiration apparatus
4	Oxygen teraphy	90183910	Catheters
4	Oxygen teraphy	90183990	Cannulae and the like
4	Oxygen teraphy	90268010	Oth instruments/apparatus for measuring/checking the flow,level,pressure,electrically operated
4	Oxygen teraphy	90268020	Oth instruments/apparatus for measuring/checking the flow,level,pressure, not electrically operated
4	Oxygen teraphy	90181900	Other electro-diagnostic apparatus used in medical
5	other medical	90221200	Computed tomography apparatus
5	other devices	90181200	Ultrasonic scanning apparatus,used in medical
5	other devices	90181100	Electro-cardiographs,used in medical
5	other devices	90189020	Intravenous administration set
5	other devices	90189030	Electronic instruments and appliances,used in medical
5	other devices	90189090	Other instruments and appliances,used in medical
5	other devices	90251911	Thermometers&pyrometers,elect operated,temperature gauges for motor vehicles
5	other devices	90251919	Thermometers&pyrometers,elect operated,oth temperature gauges for motor vehicles
5	other devices	90251920	Thermometers&pyrometers not electrically operated
5	other devices	84131910	Pump fitted with measuring device,electrically operated,excl for dispensing fuel/lubricant in filling-station/garage
5	other devices	84131920	Pump fitted with measuring device,not-electrically operatedexcl for dispensing fuel/lubricant in filling-station/garage
5	other devices	90282020	Water meters
5	other devices	90282090	Liquid meters other than water meters.
5	other devices	73249010	Other, including parts, flushing water closets or urinals (fixed type)
5	other devices	73249091	Parts of kitchen sinks or bathtubs
5	other devices	73249093	Parts of flushing water closets or urinals (fixed type)
5	other devices	73249099	Other parts of kitchen sinks or bathtubs/flushing water closets or urinals (fixed type)
6	other consumables	28044000	Oxygen
6	other consumables	30059010	Bandages
6	other consumables	30059020	Gauze
6	other consumables	30059090	Wadding & similar articles, except bandage & gauze
6	other consumables	30051010	Adhesive dressings & other articles having an adhesive layer, impregnated or coated with pharmaceutical substances
6	other consumables	30051090	Adhesive dressings&other articles having an adhesive layer,except impregnated or coated with pharmaceutical substances
6	other consumables	34012020	Soap chips
6	other consumables	34012091	Soap in other forms of a kind used for flotation deinking of recycled paper, other than soap chips
6	other consumables	34012099	Soap in other forms, other than soap chips & soap of a kind used for flotation deinking of recycled paper
6	other consumables	34011140	Medicated soap including disinfectant soap
6	other consumables	34011150	Other soap including bath soap
6	other consumables	34011160	Soap&org surf-active prod&prep, of felt/nonwovens,impregnated,coated/covered w/ soap/detergent
6	other consumables	34011190	Soap&org surf-active prod&prep,form of bars,cakes,mould pcs/shapes,&pap.wad,felt etc,for toilet use exc HS3401.11.40-60
6	other consumables	34013000	Organic surfaceactive products&prep for washing the skin,in the form of liq/cream&put up for retSale,containing soap/not
6	other consumables	90183110	Disposable syringes, with or without needles
6	other consumables	90183190	Syringes, with/without needles oth than disposable syringes
6	other consumables	90183200	Tubular metal needles and needles for sutures
6	other consumables	39232910	Aseptic bags of oth plastics,reinforced or not with aluminium foil,widthâ‰¥315mm&lengthâ‰¥410mm,incorporating a sealed gland
6	other consumables	39232990	AsepticBags of oth plastics,reinforced/not w aluminiumfoil (exc retort pouches),widthâ‰¥315mm&lengthâ‰¥410mm,not SealedGland
6	other consumables	30067000	Gel prep designed to be used in hum or vet med as a lubricant for parts of the body for surg operations or physical exam
6	other consumables	37011000	For Xray
6	other consumables	37021000	For Xray
6	other consumables	87059050	Oth special purpose motor vhcl,not design for person & goodStreet cleaning vhcl, cesspool emptiers, mobile clinics
6	other consumables	87059090	Oth special purpose motor vhcl,not design for person & goodother special vhcl
6	other consumables	94029010	Furniture designed for medical,surgical/ veterinarypurposes &parts thereof, oth than chairs
6	other consumables	94029020	Commodes
6	other consumables	94029090	Oth furniture designed for medical, surgical/veterinarypurpose&part thereof, oth than chairs and commodes
6	other consumables	84213920	Air purifiers
6	other consumables	84213990	Filtering/purifying mach & aparatus for gases
6	other consumables	73110023	Containers for compressed/liquefied gas,of iron/steel seamless steel cylinders,capacity>30L for LPG
6	other consumables	73110024	Containers for compressed/liquefied gas,of iron/steel seamless steel cylinders,capacity>30L &<110L for LPG
6	other consumables	73110025	Oth containers for compressed/liquefied gas seamless steel cylinders, for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
6	other consumables	73110026	Oth containers for compressed/liquefied gas seamless steel cylinders, capacity<30L
6	other consumables	73110027	Oth containers for compressed/liquefied gas,seamless steel cylinders,capacity>30L&<110L
6	other consumables	73110029	Oth containers for compressed/liquefied gas seamless steel cylinders, capacity>30L
6	other consumables	73110091	Other Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel with capacity < 7,3L
6	other consumables	73110092	Other Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel with capacity > 7,3L &< 30L
6	other consumables	73110094	Other Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel with capacity > 30L &< 110L
6	other consumables	73110099	Other Containers for compressed or liquefied gas, of iron or steel with capacity > 110L
6	other consumables	76130000	Aluminium containers for compressed or liquefied gas.
6	other consumables	63062200	Tents of synthetic fibres
6	other consumables	63062910	Tents of oth textiles of cotton
6	other consumables	63062990	Tents of oth textiles, oth than cotton
6	other consumables	84248910	Hand-operated household sprayers of capacity <= 3 l
6	other consumables	84248920	Spray heads with dip tubes
6	other consumables	84248940	Wet processing equipment;apparatus for the spot applicationof liquid;apparatus for the application of dry film/similar
6	other consumables	84248950	Mechanical appliances, electrically operated, oth than foragricultural/horticultural
6	other consumables	84248990	Mechanical appliances, not electrically operated, oth thanfor agricultural/horticultural
6	other consumables	70171010	Quartz reactor tubes&holders glass,for production of semiconductor wafers
6	other consumables	70171090	Laboratory/pharmaceutical glass of fused quartz/oth fusedsilica; other
6	other consumables	70172000	Laboratory,hygienic/pharmaceutical w/coef< 5x106/kelvin,0-3000c
6	other consumables	70179000	Laboratry,hygienic/pharmaceutical glasswre,nor fused quartz/fused silica

coronavirus COVID-19 r perdagangan

Ekspor dan impor barang-barang terkait COVID-19: Data bulan Juli

Dinamika Ekspor nampak mirip dengan tahun lalu.

Impor testing kit sangat tinggi

Klasifikasi WHO/WCO

Krisna Gupta

Dosen

Terkait